Industry Trends In High Temperature Hydrogen Attack – References

1. PRUETER, P.E., “Handling the Heat – Commentary on Attempts in the Ammonia Production Industry to Tackle High Temperature Hydrogen Attack.” World Fertilizer Magazine, January/February 2020.

2. PRUETER, P.E., “Advances in High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) Inspection and Fitness-for-Service Relating to Ammonia Producers,” Proceedings of the AIChE 64th Annual Safety in Ammonia Plants and Related Facilities Symposium, San Francisco, CA, September 8-12, 2019.

3. PRUETER, P.E., JONES, J.R., HESS, J. and DELUCA, J., “Managing the Risks Associated with Operating a Hydrotreater Reactor with Possible High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack Damage,” PVP2019-93533, Proceedings of 2019 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, San Antonio, TX, July 14-19, 2019.

4. CSB, “Report 2010-08-I-WA: Investigation Report - Catastrophic Rupture of Heat Exchanger (Seven Fatalities),” U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 2014.

5. API, 2016. Recommended Practice 941: Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants, 8th ed. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.

6. LUNDIN, C., BHARADWAJ, M., BARLOW, W., BARNARD, B., and WHITE, S., 2014. Welding Research Council Bulletin 548: Effect of Hydrogen Attack on the Mechanical Properties of a C-1/2Mo Steel. Welding Research Council, Inc., Shaker Heights, OH.

7. BOSEN, C., 1933. “Attack of Steel Under Conditions of Ammonia Synthesis”. Die Chem. Fabrik, p. 127.

8. EVANS, T., 1948. “Hydrogen Attack on Carbon Steels”. Mechanical Engineering, 70, pp. 414–416.

9. NELSON, G., 1949. “Hydrogenation Plant Steels”. In 1949 Proceedings API. Vol. 29M, pp. 163-174.

10. 1API, 1967. API Publication 940, Steel Deterioration in Hydrogen (Out of Print). American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.

11. API, 1975. API Publication 945, A Study of the Effects of High-temperature, High-pressure Hydrogen on Low-alloy Steels (Out of Print). American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.

12. PANZARELLA, C., and COCHRAN, J., 2015. E2G Technical Report 48: Report on the HTHA Models Used for FFS Assessments and RBI Implementations HTHA JIP Phase 1 Final Report. The Equity Engineering Group, Inc., Shaker Heights, OH.

13. PANZARELLA, C., and COCHRAN, J., 2016. E2G Technical Report 60: Technical Background for the E2G HTHA Model. The Equity Engineering Group, Inc., Shaker Heights, OH.

14. OSAGE, D., PANZARELLA, C., and COCHRAN, J., 2017. E2G Technical Report 94: E2G HTHA JIP FFS Rules for API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, Part 15 Version 7. The Equity Engineering Group, Inc., Shaker Heights, OH.

15. NUGENT, M., SILFIES, T., DOBIS, J., and ARMITT, T., 2017. “High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) Modeling Prediction and Non-Intrusive Inspection Review”. NACE International, Corrosion Conference and Expo.

16.PRUETER, P., and NUGENT, M., 2019. “Fitness-for-Service Case Studies in HTHA Equipment”. In 23rd International Pressure Equipment Integrity Association (IPEIA) Conference.

17.KOWALSKI, P., PRUETER, P., and NUGENT, M., 2018. “Fitness-for-Service Case Studies in HTHA Equipment”. In Paper 17-3D: AIChE Ammonia Safety Symposium.

18. SUTTON, N.G., Time Dependent Nelson Curve Update, Presented to the API 941 Committee, Oct. 3, 2023.

19. API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, 2021, “Fitness-For-Service,” Fourth Edition, American Petroleum Institute and American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Washington DC/New York.

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