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  4. Elevated temperature failures in ammonia plant equipment - references

Elevated temperature failures in ammonia plant equipment - references

 

Published by
 World Fertilizer,

Below is the list of references associated with the article entitled ‘Elevated temperature failures in ammonia plant equipment’, which features in the November/December issue of World Fertilizer.

The article was written by Milo V. Kral and Daniel J. Benac, BakerRisk, USA.

References

  1. API 580/581, “Risk-based Inspection-Base Resource Document” 2nd Edition, 2008.
  2. KORKHAUS, J. J., and FESER, R., " Failure Mechanisms and Material Degradations at High Temperatures in Ammonia Plants," Ammonia Plant and Safety & Related Facilities,, vol. 48, pp. 197-207, 2007.
  3. BakerRisk Project No. 01-07250-001-20, "2023 Ammonia & Fertilizer JIP Identification of Damage Mechanisms and Mitigation Options for the Ammonium Process," 2023.
  4. U.S. Department of Energy, "Materials Selection Considerations for Thermal Process Equipment," 2004.
  5. "API Recommended Practice 571, Damage Mechanisms Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry," 2020.
  6. GRABKE, H., KRAJAK, R., and NAVA PAZ, J., "On the mechanism of catastrophic carburization: ‘metal dusting’," Corrosion Science, vol. 35, no. 5-8, pp. 1141-1150, 1993.
  7. GRABKE, H., "Thermodynamics, mechanisms and kinetics of metal dusting," Materials and Corrosion, vol. 49, pp. 303-308, 1998.
  8. RAVI, V., NGUYEN, T., and NAVA, J., "21 -Aluminizing of steel to improve high temperature corrosion resistance," in Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels, 2015, pp. 751-767.
  9. YOUNG, A., KRAL, M., and BISHOP, C., "Time–Temperature–Precipitation Relations for Nitrides and Evaluation of Internal Oxidation Theory for Nitridation of Austenitic Stainless Steel," Metall Mater Trans A, vol. 51, p. 4456–4470, 2020.
  10. FARAJI, A., "High Temperature Nitriding in Corrosion in Ammonia Converters," Ammonia Plant and Safety & Related Facilities, vol. 51, pp. 183-191, 2010.
  11. OSTERGARD, M. and HANSSON, A., "Prevention of Stress Relaxation Cracking in Ammonia Plants - The Haldor Topsoe Approach," in Proceedings of the 65th Annual Safety in Ammonia Plants and Related Facilities Symposium, 2021.
  12. "API 530 Calculation of Heater-tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries," 2015.
  13. HESTER, M., and BENAC, D., "Reducing the Risk of HTHA Failures," World Fertilizer, vol. October, pp. 30-34, 2019.
  14. "API Recommended Practice 941, “Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants" 8th edition," API, 2016.
  15. NELSON, G., "Hydrogenation Plant Steels," in API Proceeedings, Washington, DC, 1949.
  16. URZENDOWSKI, M. M., and CHRONISTER, D., "Unexpected Cases of HTHA in Gasoline Desulfurization Units," in API Equipment and Standards Meeting, 2011.
  17. "Bulletin 2005-04-B Positive Material Verification: Prevent Errors during Alloy Steel Systems Maintenance," Chemical Safety Board (CSB) , 2006.
  18. NUGENT, M., and BENAC, D., "HTHA and Inspection Methods,," in 67th AIChE, Safety in Ammonia Plants & Related Facilities Symposium, 2023.
  19. "API Recommended Practice 586 Inspection for High Tempertaure Hydrogen Attack (Draft)".
 

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